The Future of 4K Subsea Imaging is a Vision of Collaboration

In 2018, scientists and engineers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) began researching upgrades to their high-definition camera systems on the 1,800-meter ROV Ventana and the 4,000-meter ROV Doc Ricketts.

This search was inspired by the rapid adoption of 4K imaging and MBARI’s experience that leaps in image resolution increase the quality of scientific observations, driving new insights and the pace of species discovery.

The imagery from MBARI’s ROV systems is used by nearly all research groups at the institute and distributed to scientists and educators globally. Images and video form a unique data record of the deep-ocean environment, and are used for research applications as diverse as identifying new organisms to recording the behavior of liquid carbon dioxide at depth. Often, the visual record is the most important data collected from phenomena of interest, and MBARI frequently provides its underwater images and video for education and outreach. MBARI video has been featured in exhibitions at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and video productions by the BBC Nature unit.

The last great advance in MBARI’s video imaging was more than 20 years ago, when MBARI transitioned to recording in high definition, resulting in an epochal improvement in MBARI’s use of video. With video imaging worldwide now transitioning to the 4K formats for acquisition and dissemination, MBARI saw an exciting opportunity to develop a camera system that takes full advantage of the higher resolution, color rendition, dynamic range, and frame rates that this format offers.

MBARI’s mission is to advance marine science and technology to understand the changing ocean and disseminate this knowledge to the community at large. Partnering with a well-established commercial vendor who can serve the broader community helps accomplish this so, in October 2019, MBARI partnered with DeepSea Power & Light to develop the new camera. DeepSea also brought in Fathom Imaging to contribute the optical design, which was critical to realizing the full capabilities of the 4K format.

DESIGNING

Achieving the performance goals for the camera was going to require a large, precision optical dome port—larger than any commercial housing available for these depths at the time. Given the expected 10-year service life of the camera, this new housing also required unparalleled reliability. With two subsea 4K cameras already in production, DeepSea not only understood the system-level challenges, but had the combination of, simulation, manufacturing, expertise in hydrostatic dome ports, and validation capabilities needed to successfully produce the housing.

The camera required a bespoke optical adapter between the wide-angle zoom lens and the high-pressure dome port. Given the wide field-of-view and long telephoto range specifications, this optical adapter needed to balance many competing optimizations to achieve the high-resolution and low-distortion image targets across the telephoto and focal range of the system. This challenge was identified early on as the largest technical hurdle of the project. With decades of experience designing and producing best-in-class subsea optics used with Amphibico, Gates, and Light & Motion housings, Fathom Imaging was tasked with the optical adapter design to adapt the zoom lens with the dome port housing.

A key insight gained from MBARI’s investigation into commercial 4K cameras was the lack of professional-grade video camera operator and painting controls needed to get the most out of an imaging system. With decades of combined fieldwork and the perspectives from scientists and videographers alike, MBARI was in a unique position to understand what the camera operators needed and had the engineering capabilities to design and manufacture the chassis, camera control, and telemetry system. The chief challenges in the chassis were modifying the stock camera module to achieve the smallest housing possible, the thermal design, accommodating the precision optical alignment requirements, and the integration of smooth and responsive lens controls.

BUILDING

The team was assembled, and over the course of the last two years the camera’s ambitious design took shape. The result of this collaboration is the MxD SeaCam—a first-of-its-kind "Blue Chip" 4K subsea imaging system. DeepSea wrapped up design of the housing in March 2021 after completing more than 10,000 pressure cycles to 7,000 meters, assessment of thermal shock performance, and in situ validation of the finite element model used to optimize the mechanical design.

The optical design process is an iterative exercise, and more than a dozen designs were evaluated before the team chose the final prescription. Fathom completed the adapter cell in April 2021 following extensive inspection of the individual elements and spacers. As a final verification step, Fathom used interferometry to measure the corrector assembly wavefront and validated the results against simulated interferogram.

It fell on the team at MBARI to do the final assembly and calibration of the optical components. The optical design sensitivity analysis allowed the team to focus on the tightest tolerance parameters and come up with a process that would ensure all of the elements of the optical path came into perfect alignment. The MBARI team used a combination of techniques, including aligning optical surfaces by the concentric reflections produced by a laser to calibrate each part of the optical path.

DEPLOYING

The first camera deployed on ROV Ventana in the fall of 2021 and is now in active use for science operations on ROV Doc Ricketts at MBARI.

The complete MxD SeaCam system is made up of the camera, a top-side unit, and the lap controller. More complete details are available online at www.deepsea.com/mxd. DeepSea is producing a commercial version of the system for both 4,000-meter and 7,000-meter operating depths for availability within 2022 and taking inquiries for interested parties as of publication.

The MxD SeaCam camera provides an exciting new level of visibility into the deep sea, advancing research and education through more detailed observations. Visual images are a powerful way to communicate the beauty and importance of the deep sea and share the scientific knowledge and discoveries made there with the public. The MxD SeaCam produces an image library of the highest quality "Tier 1" 4K recordings suitable for major media distribution channels, such as BBC Nature, Discovery, and Netflix.

For more information, visit: www.deepsea.com.

This story was originally featured in ON&T Magazine's Special December 2021 issue. Click here to read more.